TANG YINI （What is globalization?）

In their document 「What is Globalization?」, Roland Robertson and Kathleen E. White point out that globalization is an essentially contested concept. Scholars from different disciplines and regions interpret it from economic, cultural, political, and technological perspectives.

Summary of Key Points:

1. Interdisciplinary and Global Perspectives: Globalization is not just an economic process; it encompasses topics like global governance, human rights, migration, and transnational connections, touching upon social, cultural, and political dimensions.

2. Different Interpretations: Globalization is understood differently across various regions and disciplines, particularly between developed and developing countries. This has led scholars to use the term "globalizations" to describe the diverse processes of globalization.

3. Historical and Modern Roots: Although the term "globalization" gained widespread usage in the 1980s, the processes of globalization have existed for centuries, deeply shaping modern economic, political, and social structures.

4. Multidimensionality: Globalization is not only an economic phenomenon but also includes cultural and social factors. The document critiques reducing globalization to a single economic dimension and emphasizes the importance of cultural and social factors.

5. Theoretical Frameworks: The document explores different theoretical perspectives, such as Velho’s framework, which views globalization as an object, a perspective, and a horizon. It also touches on Wallerstein’s world-systems theory and the concept of "glocalization," which explains the interaction between the global and the local.

6. Global Consciousness: Globalization is driven by two key forces: increasing global connectivity and the rise of global consciousness. The document argues that globalization is not a single, homogeneous process but is diverse and has multiple impacts.

Globalization is the process of increasingly close interaction between countries in economic, cultural, technological, and political spheres, involving the deeper transnational flow of resources, information, technology, and people. It promotes global markets, cultural exchange, and technological dissemination but also brings challenges like economic inequality, cultural homogenization, and environmental issues. Globalization is not just an economic phenomenon but a multidimensional and complex global process that involves social, cultural, and political aspects.

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